RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND FORCED DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN CRIMEA DURING THE UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN WAR
Monday, 01 August 2022 21:56 | Written by DRAKOKHRUST TETIANA, Doctor of the Science of Law, Associate Professor, Professor at the Department of International Law and Migration Policy, WUNU; HUI LI, Postgraduate student specialty “Law” WUNU (Ternopil) | 
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| Міжнародна науково-практична конференція 14.10.22 - СЕКЦІЯ №7 |
The occupation of Crimea by the Russian Federation significantly hampered freedom of movement, including refusal of access or departure to/from the territory of Crimea on the basis of permits. There were also recorded cases of confiscation of documents required for entry or exit from Crimea.
The registration of the place of residence controls the access to rights and severely restricts freedom of movement under Russian law [1].
The 2001 census in Crimea revealed more than 125 nationalities in the population two million people with the following distribution: Russians (58.5%); Ukrainians (24.4%); Crimean Tatars (12.1%); Belarusians (1.5%); Tatars (0.5%); Armenians (0.4%); Jews, Poles, Moldovans, Azerbaijanis (0.2% each) and other ethnic groups.
In September 2014, the Russian Federation conducted a population census on the peninsula, which did not was recognized by the government of Ukraine. According to his results, the population of Crimea and Sevastopol from
In 2001, it decreased by 4.8%206. The number of persons of Russian nationality has increased to 1,492,078 (65.31%), the number of Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars decreased to 344,515 (15.08%) and up to 232,340 (10.17%), respectively [2].
In March - May 2017, the Center for East European and International Studies conducted a study based on 2,000 individual interviews with residents of Crimea, which revealed a «comprehensive reorientation of the social and political ties of the Crimean population», starting from 2014. Despite the fact that the conditions in Crimea are not conducive to provide field research, the results of the survey provide a valuable insight into the restrictions on freedom movement that occurs simultaneously with the occupation and the spread of Russian legislation, including automatic Russian citizenship in Crimea.
The Russian Federation deported Ukrainian citizens from Crimea for violating Russian migration rules, despite the resolution of the General UN Assembly № 68/262, which provides that such rules should not apply to the territory of Crimea. According to international humanitarian law, «it is prohibited, regardless of the motives, carry out forced individual or mass resettlement or deportation of protected persons from the occupied territory to the territory of the occupying state or to the territory of any other state, regardless of whether it is occupied or not» [3].
Russia is also implementing a policy of changing the demographic composition of the Crimean population due to an increase in the level of Russian migration population on the peninsula. Such actions also violate Article 49 of the Geneva Convention (IV), which prohibits the transfer of «its civilian population to the territory, which it occupied» [4].
The Russian Federation facilitated the migration and resettlement of a significant number of Russian citizens in Crimea, most of whom are elderly people, civil servants and military personnel with their families, which significantly changed the demographic structure of Crimea from at the time of 2014.
Many institutions and non-governmental organizations in their reports identified and condemned this practice as an attempt to ethnically manipulate the population of Crimea with the aim of physical destruction, mainly ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars:
1. UN General Assembly Resolution No. 72/190 called on the Russian Federation «immediately release those Ukrainian citizens who were illegally detained and convicted without observing elementary standards of justice, as well as those who were moved or deported across internationally recognized borders from Crimea to Russian Federation».
2. PACE Resolution № 2198 «strongly condemns the Russian policy of changing the demographic composition of the population of the illegally annexed Crimea, forcing the pro-Ukrainian population and, in particular, the Crimean Tatars to leave their homeland, then how at the same time it increases the migration of the Russian population to the peninsula, and calls The Russian Federation to put an end to these repressions. Parliamentary Assembly emphasizes that this Russian policy should be considered a violation of Article 49 of the Geneva Convention (IV) on the Protection of the Civilian Population in Time of War, according to which it is prohibited, regardless of the motives, to carry out forced individual or mass resettlement or deportation of persons under protection, from the occupied territory to the territory of the occupying state or to the territory of any other state, regardless of whether it is occupied or not».
The resolution calls on the Russian Federation to «stop the policy of changing the demographic situation of the population of the annexed Crimea by moving own population from Russian territory to the peninsula» [5].
Analyzing the above, we believe that there is a total extermination of the Ukrainian people, forced passporting, which contributes to the development of unauthorized transfer of data about the population of Crimea.
References:
1. Спільне подання до універсального періодичного огляду ООН / КПГ, ЦІПЛ, РЦПЛ та УГСПЛ. 2017. П. 13. URL: https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/ĕles/document/russie_ federation_de/session_30__mai_2018/js2_upr30_ rus_e_main.pd.
2. Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 р., Національний склад населення Автономної Республіки Крим. URL: http://2001.ukrcensus. gov.ua/results/general/nationality/crimea/.
3. Ситуація з правами людини в тимчасово окупованих Автономній Республіці Крим та місті Севастополі. УВКПЛ. 25 вересня 2017 р. A/HRC/36/CRP.3. П. 48.
4. Конвенція про захист цивільного населення під час війни від 12 серпня 1949 р. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_154#Text.
5. Про гуманітарні наслідки війни в Україні. Резолюція ПАРЄ 2198 (2018) від 23 січня 2018 р. П. 7. URL: https://rm.coe.int/-2198-2018-/1680785d74.
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